Facial paralysis in dogs is a fairly common condition seen by veterinary neurologists. The facial nerve controls the muscles responsible for facial expression, salivation, and tear production. Anything that causes damage or inflammation around the facial nerve can lead to facial paralysis. However, in most cases, the cause is unknown.
What Does Facial Paralysis in Dogs Look Like?
Facial paralysis can be alarming to pet parents, as it often appears suddenly for no apparent reason. Signs may vary depending on the extent of nerve damage, but generally, affected pets exhibit a noticeable facial droop on one side of the face.
Signs of facial paralysis in dogs include:
- Drooping of the ear and lip on one side of the face
- Food and water spilling from one side of the mouth
- Inability to blink or close the eyelid on one side of the face
- Discharge from the affected eye
- Excessive drooling due to impaired function of the salivary gland
- Deviation of the nose toward the unaffected side of the face
In rare cases, both sides of the face may be affected, which can actually make it more difficult to notice. These dogs will have an overall dull facial expression.
What Causes Facial Paralysis in Dogs?
Facial paralysis can occur in pets of any age or breed, but it is more commonly seen in middle-age dogs, with cocker spaniels appearing particularly susceptible. In most cases, the condition results from direct damage to the nerve itself. The facial nerve, known as cranial nerve VII, controls the eyelids, lips, ears, nostrils, and cheeks, as well as the salivary and tear glands.
The most common cause of facial paralysis in dogs is idiopathic facial nerve paralysis, accounting for roughly 75% of cases. The term “idiopathic” actually means that there is no known cause, similar to Bell’s palsy in human medicine.
The second most common cause of facial paralysis in dogs is infection of the inner or middle ear, especially in pets with chronic skin conditions. Since the facial nerve is located very close to the inner ear, any inflammation in this area can result in facial paralysis. However, additional signs such as vestibular syndrome are typically observed in these cases.
Less common causes include strokes, brain tumors, meningitis, hypothyroidism, polyneuropathy, and physical trauma.
How Is Facial Paralysis in Dogs Diagnosed?
While idiopathic facial nerve paralysis is by far the most frequent diagnosis in dogs, a thorough investigation is recommended. Aside from this being a diagnosis of exclusion, it's important to consider that in some cases, facial paralysis in dogs could be a sign of a more serious underlying issue.
Following physical and neurological evaluations, the investigation will usually begin by examining the ear for signs of infection. If the results are normal, MRI is recommended to assess the deeper structures of the ear and the brain. A cerebrospinal fluid sample may also be collected at this time to check for other types of infection or inflammation.
Is There a Treatment for Facial Paralysis in Dogs?
Treatment for facial paralysis in dogs depends on the underlying cause. It's important to work closely with your neurologist to develop a plan tailored to your pet's specific needs.
If an underlying cause is identified, appropriate treatments might include antibiotics or antifungal medications for infections, thyroid hormone supplements for hypothyroidism, or surgery for tumors and other structural problems.
In idiopathic cases, the condition may improve on its own over time, or it may be permanent. Treatment focuses on symptom management and supportive care.
Treating idiopathic facial nerve paralysis in dogs may include:
- Anti-inflammatory medication to reduce swelling and improve nerve function
- Lubricating eye drops to protect the affected eye
- Regular cleaning around the mouth to prevent skin sores
- Feeding strategies if your pet is having difficulty eating and drinking
- Physical rehabilitation techniques such as electroacupuncture, massage, laser therapy, and special exercises to stimulate nerves, improve muscle function, and promote recovery
How Does Facial Paralysis in Dogs Affect Their Quality of Life?
The prognosis for facial paralysis in dogs depends on the cause and severity of the condition. Some pets will recover within weeks to months, while others might only experience partial recovery. About half of pets will remain paralyzed. Close monitoring of the affected eye is particularly important in these cases.
If no underlying cause is found, the outlook is good. Although the symptoms of idiopathic facial nerve paralysis are often permanent, they really have very little impact on your dog’s life, aside from giving the face an unusual appearance. With proper care and support, most pets can continue to lead happy and fulfilling lives.
Contact Southeast Veterinary Neurology for More on Facial Paralysis in Dogs
To learn more about facial paralysis in dogs, consult a veterinary neurologist. At Southeast Veterinary Neurology, our expert team is available every day of the year to provide specialized care for your pet and hope to your family. With locations in Miami, Boynton Beach, Jupiter, and Virginia Beach, we’re here to support you every step of the way. Contact us today.